Grooved Pins and Studs
 

Description.
The groove of a grooved pin is formed by a swaging operation in which three tools penetrate the nominal diameter of the metal at 120° intervals. This penetration displaces a controlled amount of metal to each side of the grooving tool, forming a raised portion along the side of each groove.

The crest of these raised portions forms the expanded diameter or “Dx” dimension which is shown in Figure 1. The Dx is a few thousandths larger than the nominal diameter “D” of the pin. The amount of expansion varies with the diameter of the pin, the material being grooved, and the style of groove.

 

Function.
When a grooved pin is used, the hole into which the pin is to be inserted is drilled a few thousandths larger than the nominal diameter of the pin. The hole must never be smaller than the nominal diameter of the pin. (See Grooved Pin Drilling Procedures and Hole Tolerances)

When the expanded portion of the pin is compressed by insertion into the hole, radial holding forces are generated as shown in Figure 2. These radial forces lock the pin securely into the drilled hole.

Figure 1 and 2

 
Applications.

grooved pin type A
The Type A Pin has three full-length tapered grooves. This popular type is used in applications requiring excellent locking effect and ease of assembly. It is widely used in place of taper pins, rivets, set screws and keys. Typical applications include keying sprockets, gears, collars, knobs, handles, levers and wheels to shafts.

"Locking Collar to Shaft" and "Lever and Shaft Assembly" diagrams

grooved pin type C
The Type C Pin has three parallel grooves extending one-quarter its overall length. It is ideally suited for linkage or pivot applications, especially where a relatively short locking section and longer free length are required. Widely used in certain types of hinge applications. The long lead permits easy insertion.

"Control Valve Hinge Assembly" and "Linkage or Hinge Pin" diagrams

grooved pin type E
Type E has three parallel half-length grooves located equidistant from each end. Widely used as T handle on valves and tools. Also used as a cross pin, cotter pin, pivot pin, etc., where center locking is required.

"Linkage Pin" and "T Handle for Valve" diagrams

grooved pin type G
Type G has three parallel half-length grooves including pilot. It is a very versatile pin, suitable for use in both blind and through holes as a spring anchor pin. The annular groove opposite the locking end is used to anchor the end loop of a tension spring. If snap or retainer rings are to be used, special section annular grooves can be machined to order.

"Spring Anchor Pin Used in Through Hole" and "Spring Anchor in Blind Hole" diagrams

grooved pin type H
Type H grooved pin has three parallel grooves for half the length of the pin. This type of pin may be used as a pivot, stop or hinge pin. When pressed in place, the grooved portion locks in one part while the ungrooved section remains free to serve as the locator, hinge, etc.

"Roller Pins" and "Stop Pins" diagrams

grooved pin type U
Type U has three parallel grooves extending the full length of the pin. A short pilot at each end permits hopper or automatic feeding. Identical ends speed manual insertion as operator need not examine pin to determine proper end to start. Full length parallel grooves provide maximum locking effect. Typical applications include keying gears, collars, knobs, handles, etc., to shafts.

"Attaching Knob to Shaft" and "Pinning 'V' Pulley to Shaft" diagrams

 
Standard Grooved Pin Dimensions.
Nominal Diameter
Dimension
1/16
3/32
1/8
5/32
3/16
7/32
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
Nominal Diameter
Max.
Min.
.0625
.0610
.0938
.0923
.1250
.1230
.1563
.1543
.1875
.1855
.2188
.2168
.2500
.2480
.3125
.3105
.3750
.3730
.4375
.4355
.5000
.4980
Crown Height “E”
.0065
.0091
.0130
.0170
.0180
.0220
.0260
.0340
.0390
.0470
.0520
Crown Radius “R” ±.010
5/64
1/8
5/32
3/16
1/4
9/32
5/16
3/8
15/32
17/32
5/8
Pilot Length “P” (Ref.)
1/32
1/32
1/32
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
3/32
3/32
3/32
3/32
Chamfer Length “C” min.
.005
.005
.005
.005
.016
.016
.016
.031
.031
.031
.031
Chamfer Angle “A” ±5°
35°
35°
35°
35°
35°
35°
35°
35°
35°
35°
35°
Neck Radius “M” (Ref.)
1/64
1/32
1/32
1/32
3/64
3/64
1/16
1/16
3/32
3/32
Neck Width “G” ±.005
.033
.064
.064
.064
.096
.096
.127
.127
.190
.190
Neck Diameter “K” ±.005
.062
.083
.104
.125
.146
.167
.209
.250
.293
.312
Shoulder Width “S” +.010/-.000
1/32
1/32
3/64
3/64
1/16
1/16
3/32
1/8
1/8
1/8
Lengths* “L” ±.010
1/4 to 1
1/4 to
1 1/4
1/4 to
1 1/2
3/8 to 2
3/8 to 2
1/2 to
2 1/4
1/2 to
2 3/4
5/8 to
2 3/4
3/4 to
3 1/2
7/8 to
3 1/2
1 to
3 1/2
 
Crowned G Pin and Chamfered G Pin diagrams

*Length increments are by 1/8 inch up to 1 inch, and by ¼ inch over 1 inch. Standard availability may vary depending upon groove type. The length of chamfered pins is measured overall from end to end. The overall length of crowned pins is measured at L + 2E. End configuration may vary depending upon pin length and groove type. All dimensions apply prior to plating.

Standard Expanded Diameters (Dx).
Nominal Diameter
1/16
3/32
1/8
5/32
3/16
7/32
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
 
Expanded Diameter
Length
±.0015
±.002
±.0025
±.003
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
.068
.068
.068
.068
.068
.068
.101
.101
.101
.101
.101
.101
.134
.134
.134
.134
.134
.134
.166
.166
.166
.166
.166
.166
.198
.198
.198
.198
.198
.198
.230
.230
.230
.230
.230
.230
.263
.263
.263
.263
.263
.263
.329
.329
.329
.329
.329
.329
.394
.394
.394
.459
.459
.459
.525
.525
.525
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
.068
.068
.068
.067
.067
.101
.101
.101
.100
.100
.134
.134
.134
.134
.133
.166
.166
.166
.166
.165
.198
.198
.198
.198
.198
.230
.230
.230
.230
.230
.263
.263
.263
.263
.263
.329
.329
.329
.329
.329
.394
.394
.394
.394
.394
.459
.459
.459
.459
.459
.525
.525
.525
.525
.525
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 3/4
.067
.100
.100
.133
.132
.132
.165
.164
.164
.163
.198
.197
.197
.197
.230
.230
.229
.229
.263
.263
.262
.262
.329
.329
.329
.328
.394
.394
.394
.393
.459
.459
.459
.459
.525
.525
.525
.525
2
2 1/4
2 1/2
2 3/4
.163
.196
.229
.229
.262
.262
.261
.261
.328
.328
.327
.327
.393
.393
.393
.393
.458
.458
.458
.458
.525
.524
.524
.524
3
3 1/4
3 1/2
.392
.392
.391
.457
.457
.456
.523
.523
.522

 
Nom. Diam. (D)
Exp. Diam. (Dx) reduced by

1/16
3/32
1/8
5/32
3/16
7/32
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2

.002
.002
.002
.002
.003
.003
.003
.004
.005
.006
.006
 
TOLERANCES:

On Nominal Diameter "D":
+.000/-.0015 up to 7/64" diameter
+.000/-.002 7/64" diameters and over

On overall Length "L":
±.010 for all diameters

For stainless steels and other special materials, the expanded diameters shown in the table are reduced by amounts shown at left.

Note: Intermediate pin lengths, pin diameters up to 3/4", groove lengths, and special groove positions are ordered as specials.
 
 
Checking Expanded Diameters.
As shown, expanded diameters cannot be accurately measured using a micrometer. For accurate measurement of expanded diameters, use a class Z ring gage only!

Grooved Pin Drilling Procedures and Hole Tolerances.
Insertion and holding forces vary with hole size and groove length. Recommended hole size tolerances are based on a groove length to hole diameter ratio of approximately 5 to 1. A higher ratio than 5 to 1 may require adjustment in hole size. If the ratio is 1 to 1 or less then the hole tolerance should be reduced approximately 60%. Smaller hole size variation should result in more consistent insertion forces. These factors should be considered when designing press fit fasteners for your application.

Hole sizes should never be smaller than the nominal diameter of the grooved pin. Minimum hole size equals nominal grooved pin diameter. Maximum hole size equals minimum hole size plus recommended hole tolerance from the chart.

Example:
1/8 diameter pin: Min. hole = .125,
Max. hole = .125 + .003 =.128

A slight chamfer on the hole is recommended particularly with holes in hardened steel, cast iron, and with hardened grooved pins.

Pin Diameter
Decimal
Equivalent
Recommended
Drill Size
Hole Tolerances
ADD to
Nominal Diameter
1/16"
.0625"
1/16"
.002"
3/32"
.0938"
3/32"
.003"
1/8"
.1250"
1/8"
.003"
5/32"
.1563"
5/32"
.003"
3/16"
.1875"
3/16"
.004"
7/32"
.2188"
7/32"
.004"
1/4"
.2500"
1/4"
.004"
5/16"
.3125"
5/16"
.005"
3/8"
.3750"
3/8"
.005"
7/16"
.4375"
7/16"
.006"
1/2"
.5000"
1/2"
.006"


Typical Optional Groove Types.

grooved pin type D
Type D has three reverse taper grooves extending one-half the length of the pin. Recommended for use in blind holes as a top pin, roller pivot, dowel, or for certain hinge or linkage applications. Reverse taper grooves permit easy insertion in blind holes.

grooved pin type B
Type B Pins have three tapered grooves extending one-half the length of the pin. This type is widely used as a hinge or pivot pin. Driven or pressed into a straight drilled hole, the grooved portion locks in one part, while the ungrooved portion will remain free. Also excellent for dowel and locating applications.

grooved pin type A3
Type A3 Pins have three full-length parallel grooves with a short pilot to insure easy starting. They are recommended for applications requiring maximum locking effect where severe vibration and/or shock loading are present.

 
Typical Groove Configurations.
square groove configuration
oval groove configuration
diamond groove configuration
tapered groove configuration
 
Typical Groove Configurations.
spherical end configuration
annular groove end configuration
crowned end configuration
chamfered end configuration
 

High Alloy Shear-Proof Pins
 

Description.
Standard SHEAR-PROOF™ pins have the Type A groove configuration as shown. This groove configuration provides tapered expansion beginning at one end of the pin and expanding to the maximum at the opposite end of the pin. Insertion of the Type A pin is allowed in one direction only.
SHEAR-PROOF™ pins are available in any groove configuration.

SHEAR-PROOF™ pins are manufactured from 4140 or 6150 alloy steel in the same manner as grooved pins and are heat treated by austempering to a Rockwell “C” 40-48 hardness. Austempering provides a bainitic microstructure which is tougher than a martensitic microstructure produced by standard oil quenches. SHEAR-PROOF™ pins are furnished with a light oil finish for corrosion-resistance.

 

Function.
SHEAR-PROOF™ pins lock in place in the same manner as grooved pins. The materials and the strength or hardness level to which SHEAR-PROOF™ pins are heat treated provide ideal shear resistance.

Tolerances:
Length: ±.010

Nominal Diameter: +.000/-.0015 up to 7/64" diameter
+.000/-.002 7/64" diameter and over

Expanded Diameter: See table on page 3.

*NOTE: "SHEAR-PROOF" is a registered trademark of DRIV-LOK, Inc. The name "SHEAR-PROOF" refers only to a product manufactured from alloy steel and heat treated to obtain a higher shear resistance than standard low carbon grooved pins-type A. The name "SHEAR-PROOF" does not imply the pins will not shear. "SHEAR-PROOF" pins will meet the performance (minimum shear) detailed on Page 17 of this catalog when tested in a properly designed test fixture.

Typical Applications.

Material Handling Equipment diagram

Material Handling Equipment
The Type E pin provides positive locking with a half-length groove in the center of the pin. Extreme shear is exerted in this application, yet the SHEAR-PROOF™ Pin is used with complete safety for both men and materials. Type E SHEAR-PROOF™ is a special pin.

Heavy-Duty Gear and Shaft Assembly diagram

Heavy-Duty Gear and Shaft Assembly
Type A SHEAR-PROOF™ Pin as specified for this application to give maximum locking power over the entire pin and gear hub area. The Type A Pin, with grooves the full length of the pin, is the standard stock pin which meets most applications.

Automatic Transmission in Automobiles diagram

Automatic Transmission in Automobiles
Special Type C SHEAR-PROOF™ was selected as a shaft in this transmission servo to replace a cross drilled shaft with a cross pin for holding shaft in position. This eliminated a costly drilling operation and the cross pin.

Universal Joints in Hand Tools diagram

Universal Joints in Hand Tools
Special Type E SHEAR-PROOF™ Pin with center grooves eliminates costly staking and grinding operations and improves product appearance. This pin is easily installed, fits flush and permits plating before assembly.

Eye Bolt Hinge Pin diagram

Eye Bolt Hinge Pin
Type C pin, with quarter-length grooves, provides maximum ease of assembly. There is no interference until three-fourths of the pin is in position. The high safety factor inherent in SHEAR-PROOF™ Pins makes them practical and efficient for such constant shear applications. Type C SHEAR-PROOF™ is a special pin.

High Pressure Piston and Rod Assembly diagram

High Pressure Piston and Rod Assembly
Type B Pin was used here because the half length grooves simplified the job of starting the pin into the hole. Ease of assembly was matched with sufficient locking power even when subjected to continuous, strong reciprocating forces. Type B SHEAR-PROOF™ is a special pin.


Hardness Testing of Solid Through-Hardened Pins diagram
Standard Type A diagram
 

Hardened Lok-Dowels
 

Description.
Standard Lok-Dowels™ are made from cold-finished low carbon steel and have a special groove configuration as shown. They are centerless ground, polished, and case hardened to provide good wear resistance.

Hardened Lok-Dowels diagram

  Function.
Lok-Dowels™ are pressed or driven into a drilled and reamed hole. The grooved portion of the Lok-Dowel remains in place while the ungrooved end of the pin is easily removed from the mating part.
The expanded diameter allows a greater hole tolerance to be used with a Lok-Dowel™ than can be used with a regular dowel pin.
 
Lok-Dowel Dimensions
Nominal Diameters
1/8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
Decimal
Specification
.1245
.1250
.1870
.1875
.2495
.2500
.3120
.3125
.3745
.3750
.4995
.5000
Expanded
Diameter
.130
.133
.194
.197
.257
.260
.321
.324
.384
.387
.511
.514
 
Installation Procedure.
Drill hole slightly undersize. Ream full size. Drive or Press Lok-Dowels into place. Lok-Dowels lock securely and parts separate easily.
 

Grooved Studs
 
Description.
Grooved studs have three parallel grooves spaced at 120° intervals around the diameter of the shank. Standard grooved studs are manufactured from low carbon-steel and are zinc- plated for corrosion resistance.
  Function.
Grooved studs function in the same manner as grooved pins. They provide the same positive holding features as grooved pins plus additional end loading resistance provided by the head of the stud.
 
Flat-head special stud with one-third length groove at lead end. Groove length can be varied. Flat-head special grooved stud with shoulder. Often hardened to provide wear surface in shoulder area.
Flat-head grooved stud. Round-head reverse taper groove stud.
Stud with conical head and parallel grooves. Round-head stud with parallel grooves of special length.
Countersunk head grooved stud. “T” head cotter used extensively in chain industry in place of cotter pins.
 
Standard Studs.
Standard studs are manufactured to ASME B18.8.2 specifications. Standard stud sizes available are from #0 through #16 and lengths from 1/8" through 3/4" as shown in the table below.
  Special Studs.
In addition to standard round head grooved studs, flat heads, button heads, and T-heads are also available by special order. DRIV-LOK's engineering staff will work with customers to provide technical assistance. Special materials, diameters, shank lengths, end configurations, and finishes are available by request as special orders.
 
Standard Grooved Stud Sizes.
 
Stud Number/Nominal Diameter
#0
.067
#2
.086
#4
.104
#6
.120
#7
.136
#8
.144
#10
.161
#12
.196
#14
.221
#16
.250
Lengths
Expanded Diameter
1/8
.074
.096
3/16
.074
.096
.115
1/4
.074
.096
.113
.132
5/16
.113
.130
.147
3/8
.130
.147
.155
.173
1/2
.144
.153
.171
.206
.234
.263
5/8
.153
.171
.201
.232
.261
3/4
.201
.232
.261
Tolerances: Shank length: ±010
Nominal Diameter: +.000/-.002
Expanded Diameter: ±.002
 
Standard Sizes and Specifications.
Stud
Number
Nominal
Shank
Diameter
Recommended
Drill Size
Head Diameter
Head Height
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
0
.067
51
.130
.120
.050
.040
2
.086
44
.162
.146
.070
.059
4
.104
37
.211
.193
.086
.075
6
.120
31
.260
.240
.103
.091
7
.136
29
.309
.287
.119
.107
8
.144
27
.309
.287
.119
.107
10
.161
20
.359
.334
.136
.124
12
.196
9
.408
.382
.152
.140
14
.221
2
.457
.429
.169
.156
16
.250
1/4
.472
.443
.174
.161
 
Applications.

"T" head cotter in chain

Linkage assembly Spring anchor Widely used for fastening brackets

Fastening knobs, handles, etc
Attaching nameplates, instruction panels, etc
Fastening spring assemblies or control arms
 
 
Dimensions of Grooved T-Head Cotter Pins [Note (1)].

Nominal size
or basic
shank
diameter

A
B
N
O
P
Q
Recommended
Hole Size
Shank Diameter
Expanded Shank Diameter
Length
Head Diameter
Head Height
Head Width
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
5/32 (0.156)
0.154
0.150
0.168
0.163
0.08
0.26
0.24
0.11
0.09
0.18
0.15
0.161
0.156
3/16 (0.187)
0.186
0.182
0.201
0.195
0.09
0.30
0.28
0.13
0.11
0.22
0.18
0.193
0.187
1/4 (0.250)
0.248
0.244
0.265
0.258
0.12
0.40
0.38
0.17
0.15
0.28
0.24
0.257
0.250
5/16 (0.312)
0.310
0.305
0.326
0.320
0.16
0.51
0.48
0.21
0.19
0.34
0.30
0.319
0.312
23/32 (0.359)
0.358
0.353
0.375
0.369
0.18
0.57
0.54
0.24
0.22
0.38
0.35
0.366
0.359
1/2 (0.500)
0.498
0.493
0.520
0.514
0.25
0.79
0.76
0.32
0.30
0.54
.049
0.508
0.500
 
*Smaller/larger sizes available.
diagram of the various dimensions of a grooved t-head cotter pin
 
Nominal
Length
Nominal Size
5/32
3/16
1/4
5/1e6
23/64
1/2
M, Pilot Length [Note 1]
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.

3/4
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
2 1/4
2 1/2
2 3/4
3

0.50
0.50
0.62
0.68

0.48
0.48
0.60
0.66

0.50
0.50
0.62
0.68
0.75

0.48
0.48
0.60
0.66
0.73



0.62
0.68
0.75
0.88



0.60
0.66
0.73
0.86




0.68
0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25




0.66
0.73
0.86
0.98
1.23





0.75
0.88
1.00
1.25




0.73
0.86
0.98
1.23








1.25
1.31
1.50
1.62
1.85








1.23
1.29
1.48
1.60
1.83